Frequently Asked Questions¶
What are the differences between Agda and Idris?¶
Like Idris, Agda is a functional language with dependent types, supporting dependent pattern matching. Both can be used for writing programs and proofs. However, Idris has been designed from the start to emphasise general purpose programming rather than theorem proving. As such, it supports interoperability with systems libraries and C programs, and language constructs for domain specific language implementation. It also includes higher level programming constructs such as interfaces (similar to type classes) and do notation.
Idris supports multiple back ends (C and JavaScript by default, with the ability to add more via plugins) and has a reference run time system, written in C, with a garbage collector and built-in message passing concurrency.
Is Idris production ready?¶
Idris is primarily a research tool for exploring the possibilities of software development with dependent types, meaning that the primary goal is not (yet) to make a system which could be used in production. As such, there are a few rough corners, and lots of missing libraries. Nobody is working on Idris full time, and we don’t have the resources at the moment to polish the system on our own. Therefore, we don’t recommend building your business around it!
Having said that, contributions which help towards making Idris suitable for use in production would be very welcome - this includes (but is not limited to) extra library support, polishing the run-time system (and ensuring it is robust), providing and maintaining a JVM back end, etc.
Why does Idris use eager evaluation rather than lazy?¶
Idris uses eager evaluation for more predictable performance, in particular
because one of the longer term goals is to be able to write efficient and
verified low level code such as device drivers and network infrastructure.
Furthermore, the Idris type system allows us to state precisely the type
of each value, and therefore the run-time form of each value. In a lazy
language, consider a value of type Int
:
thing : Int
What is the representation of thing
at run-time? Is it a bit pattern
representing an integer, or is it a pointer to some code which will compute
an integer? In Idris, we have decided that we would like to make this
distinction precise, in the type:
thing_val : Int
thing_comp : Lazy Int
Here, it is clear from the type that thing_val
is guaranteed to be a
concrete Int
, whereas thing_comp
is a computation which will produce an
Int
.
How can I make lazy control structures?¶
You can make control structures using the special Lazy type. For
example, if...then...else...
in Idris expands to an application of
a function named ifThenElse
. The default implementation for
Booleans is defined as follows in the library:
ifThenElse : Bool -> (t : Lazy a) -> (e : Lazy a) -> a
ifThenElse True t e = t
ifThenElse False t e = e
The type Lazy a
for t
and e
indicates that those arguments will
only be evaluated if they are used, that is, they are evaluated lazily.
Evaluation at the REPL doesn’t behave as I expect. What’s going on?¶
Being a fully dependently typed language, Idris has two phases where it evaluates things, compile-time and run-time. At compile-time it will only evaluate things which it knows to be total (i.e. terminating and covering all possible inputs) in order to keep type checking decidable. The compile-time evaluator is part of the Idris kernel, and is implemented in Haskell using a HOAS (higher order abstract syntax) style representation of values. Since everything is known to have a normal form here, the evaluation strategy doesn’t actually matter because either way it will get the same answer, and in practice it will do whatever the Haskell run-time system chooses to do.
The REPL, for convenience, uses the compile-time notion of evaluation. As well as being easier to implement (because we have the evaluator available) this can be very useful to show how terms evaluate in the type checker. So you can see the difference between:
Idris> \n, m => (S n) + m
\n => \m => S (plus n m) : Nat -> Nat -> Nat
Idris> \n, m => n + (S m)
\n => \m => plus n (S m) : Nat -> Nat -> Nat
Why can’t I use a function with no arguments in a type?¶
If you use a name in a type which begins with a lower case letter, and which is not applied to any arguments, then Idris will treat it as an implicitly bound argument. For example:
append : Vect n ty -> Vect m ty -> Vect (n + m) ty
Here, n
, m
, and ty
are implicitly bound. This rule applies even
if there are functions defined elsewhere with any of these names. For example,
you may also have:
ty : Type
ty = String
Even in this case, ty
is still considered implicitly bound in the definition
of append
, rather than making the type of append
equivalent to...
append : Vect n String -> Vect m String -> Vect (n + m) String
...which is probably not what was intended! The reason for this rule is so
that it is clear just from looking at the type of append
, and no other
context, what the implicitly bound names are.
If you want to use an unapplied name in a type, you have two options. You
can either explicitly qualify it, for example, if ty
is defined in the
namespace Main
you can do the following:
append : Vect n Main.ty -> Vect m Main.ty -> Vect (n + m) Main.ty
Alternatively, you can use a name which does not begin with a lower case letter, which will never be implicitly bound:
Ty : Type
Ty = String
append : Vect n Ty -> Vect m Ty -> Vect (n + m) Ty
As a convention, if a name is intended to be used as a type synonym, it is best for it to begin with a capital letter to avoid this restriction.
I have an obviously terminating program, but Idris says it possibly isn’t total. Why is that?¶
Idris can’t decide in general whether a program is terminating due to the undecidability of the Halting Problem. It is possible, however, to identify some programs which are definitely terminating. Idris does this using “size change termination” which looks for recursive paths from a function back to itself. On such a path, there must be at least one argument which converges to a base case.
- Mutually recursive functions are supported
- However, all functions on the path must be fully applied. In particular, higher order applications are not supported
- Idris identifies arguments which converge to a base case by looking for
recursive calls to syntactically smaller arguments of inputs. e.g.
k
is syntactically smaller thanS (S k)
becausek
is a subterm ofS (S k)
, but(k, k)
is not syntactically smaller than(S k, S k)
.
If you have a function which you believe to be terminating, but Idris does
not, you can either restructure the program, or use the assert_total
function.
When will Idris be self-hosting?¶
It’s not a priority, though not a bad idea in the long run. It would be a worthwhile effort in the short term to implement libraries to support self-hosting, such as a good parsing library.
Does Idris have universe polymorphism? What is the type of Type
?¶
Rather than universe polymorphism, Idris has a cumulative hierarchy of
universes; Type : Type 1
, Type 1 : Type 2
, etc.
Cumulativity means that if x : Type n
and n <= m
, then
x : Type m
. Universe levels are always inferred by Idris, and
cannot be specified explicitly. The REPL command :type Type 1
will
result in an error, as will attempting to specify the universe level
of any type.
Why does Idris use Float
and Double
instead of Float32
and Float64
?¶
Historically the C language and many other languages have used the
names Float
and Double
to represent floating point numbers of
size 32 and 64 respectively. Newer languages such as Rust and Julia
have begun to follow the naming scheme described in IEEE Standard for
Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754). This describes
single and double precision numbers as Float32
and Float64
;
the size is described in the type name.
Due to developer familiarity with the older naming convention, and
choice by the developers of Idris, Idris uses the C style convention.
That is, the names Float
and Double
are used to describe
single and double precision numbers.
What is -ffreestanding?¶
The freestanding flag is used to build Idris binaries which have their libs and compiler in a relative path. This is useful for building binaries where the install directory is unknown at build time. When passing this flag, the IDRIS_LIB_DIR environment variable needs to be set to the path where the Idris libs reside relative to the idris executable. The IDRIS_TOOLCHAIN_DIR environment variable is optional, if that is set, Idris will use that path to find the C compiler.
Example:
IDRIS_LIB_DIR="./libs" IDRIS_TOOLCHAIN_DIR="./mingw/bin" CABALFLAGS="-fffi -ffreestanding -frelease" make
What does the name ‘Idris’ mean?¶
British people of a certain age may be familiar with this singing dragon. If that doesn’t help, maybe you can invent a suitable acronym :-) .
Where can I find more answers?¶
There is an Unofficial FAQ on the wiki on GitHub which answers more technical questions and may be updated more often.