Inductive ProofsΒΆ
Before embarking on proving plus_commutes
in Idris itself, let us
consider the overall structure of a proof of some property of natural
numbers. Recall that they are defined recursively, as follows:
data Nat : Type where
Z : Nat
S : Nat -> Nat
A total function over natural numbers must both terminate, and cover
all possible inputs. Idris checks functions for totality by checking that
all inputs are covered, and that all recursive calls are on
structurally smaller values (so recursion will always reach a base
case). Recalling plus
:
plus : Nat -> Nat -> Nat
plus Z m = m
plus (S k) m = S (plus k m)
This is total because it covers all possible inputs (the first argument
can only be Z
or S k
for some k
, and the second argument
m
covers all possible Nat
) and in the recursive call, k
is structurally smaller than S k
so the first argument will always
reach the base case Z
in any sequence of recursive calls.
In some sense, this resembles a mathematical proof by induction (and
this is no coincidence!). For some property P
of a natural number
x
, we can show that P
holds for all x
if:
P
holds for zero (the base case).- Assuming that
P
holds fork
, we can showP
also holds forS k
(the inductive step).
In plus
, the property we are trying to show is somewhat trivial (for
all natural numbers x
, there is a Nat
which need not have any
relation to x
). However, it still takes the form of a base case and
an inductive step. In the base case, we show that there is a Nat
arising from plus n m
when n = Z
, and in the inductive step we
show that there is a Nat
arising when n = S k
and we know we can
get a Nat
inductively from plus k m
. We could even write a
function capturing all such inductive definitions:
nat_induction : (P : Nat -> Type) -> -- Property to show
(P Z) -> -- Base case
((k : Nat) -> P k -> P (S k)) -> -- Inductive step
(x : Nat) -> -- Show for all x
P x
nat_induction P p_Z p_S Z = p_Z
nat_induction P p_Z p_S (S k) = p_S k (nat_induction P p_Z p_S k)
Using nat_induction
, we can implement an equivalent inductive
version of plus
:
plus_ind : Nat -> Nat -> Nat
plus_ind n m
= nat_induction (\x => Nat)
m -- Base case, plus_ind Z m
(\k, k_rec => S k_rec) -- Inductive step plus_ind (S k) m
-- where k_rec = plus_ind k m
n
To prove that plus n m = plus m n
for all natural numbers n
and
m
, we can also use induction. Either we can fix m
and perform
induction on n
, or vice versa. We can sketch an outline of a proof;
performing induction on n
, we have:
Property
P
is\x => plus x m = plus m x
.Show that
P
holds in the base case and inductive step:- Base case:
P Z
, i.e.plus Z m = plus m Z
, which reduces tom = plus m Z
due to the definition ofplus
. - Inductive step: Inductively, we know that
P k
holds for a specific, fixedk
, i.e.plus k m = plus m k
(the induction hypothesis). Given this, showP (S k)
, i.e.plus (S k) m = plus m (S k)
, which reduces toS (plus k m) = plus m (S k)
. From the induction hypothesis, we can rewrite this toS (plus m k) = plus m (S k)
.
To complete the proof we therefore need to show that m = plus m Z
for all natural numbers m
, and that S (plus m k) = plus m (S k)
for all natural numbers m
and k
. Each of these can also be
proved by induction, this time on m
.
We are now ready to embark on a proof of commutativity of plus
formally in Idris.